Structural Elements for Architects and Builders

Structural Elements for Architects and Builders

Jonathan Ochshorn

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Asis well known, architects and builders rarely design the structural elements and systems within their buildings, instead engaging the services of (and, it is to be hoped, collaborating with) structural engineers, or relying upon standard practices sanctioned by building codes. Where architects or builders wish to be adventurous with their structures, some knowledge of structural behavior and the potential of structural materials is certainly useful. On the other hand, where they are content to employ generic structural systems — platform framing in wood, simple skeletal frames in steel or reinforced concrete — one can get by with little actual knowledge of structural design, relying instead on the expertise of structural consultants and the knowledge of common spans, heights, and cross-sectional dimensions around which many ordinary buildings can be planned.
The heroic stage of modernism, in which architects often sought to reconcile structural behavior and overall building form — some finding inspiration in the structural frame or the load-bearing wall — was also the heroic stage of structural education for architects: it was hardly necessary, in that context, to explain why architects needed to learn about structures. Some of the same excitement about the potential of structure in architecture still remains, but it is also true that a “ mannerist ”
tendency has emerged, interested not necessarily in renouncing the role of structure inarchitecture, but rather reveling in its potential to distort, twist, fragment, and otherwise subvert modernist conventions and the architectural forms they support.

Yet all structures, whether hidden from view or boldly expressed, follow the same laws of equilibrium, are exposed to the same types of forces and are constrained by the same material properties and manufacturing practices. It is, therefore, appropriate for architects and builders to study structures in such a way that the basic principles underlying all structural form become clear. This can be accomplished in three phases: (1) by studying the concepts of statics and strength of
materials, (2) by learning how these concepts are applied to the design of common structural elements fabricated from real materials, and (3) by gaining insight into the design of structural systems comprised of structural elements interconnected in a coherent pattern. Much of the material presented in this text can be found elsewhere; the basic conditions of equilibrium, historical insights into structural behavior that form the basis for structural design, and recommendations for design procedures incorporated into building codes are all widely disseminated through industry-published
manuals, government-sanctioned codes, and academic texts. Many excellent structures texts have been written specifically for architects and builders.

Structural Elements for Architects and Builders

Content :

• CHAPTER 1 Statics
• CHAPTER 2 Loads
• CHAPTER 3 Material properties
• CHAPTER 4 Sectional properties
• CHAPTER 5 Design approaches
• CHAPTER 6 Tension elements
• CHAPTER 7 Columns
• CHAPTER 8 Beams
• CHAPTER 9 Connections

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Design of Columns Spreadsheet

Design of Columns Spreadsheet

Columns are classified as short or long depending on their slenderness ratios. Short columns
usually, fail when their materials are overstressed and long columns usually fail due to buckling
which produces secondary moments resulting from the P - D effect.
Columns are classified according to the way they are reinforced into tied and spirally reinforced
columns. Columns are usually reinforced with longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. When
this transverse reinforcement is in the form of ties, the column is called “tied”. If the transverse
reinforcement is in the form of helical hoops, the column is called “spirally reinforced”.
Since the failure of columns often cause extensive damage, they are designed with a higher factor of
safety than beams.

Columns are divided into three types according to the way they are reinforced:
1-Tied Columns
A tied column is a column in which the longitudinal reinforcement bars are
tied together with separate smaller diameter transverse bars (ties) spaced at some interval along
the column height. These ties help to hold the longitudinal reinforcement bars in place during
construction and ensure the stability of these bars against local buckling. The cross sections of such
columns are usually square, rectangular, or circular in shape. A minimum of four bars is used in

rectangular and circular cross-sections.

2-Spirally-Reinforced Columns
They are columns in which the longitudinal bars are arranged in a circle surrounded by a closely
spaced continuous spiral. These columns are usually circular or square in

shape. A minimum of six bars is used for longitudinal reinforcement.

3-Composite Columns
A composite column is a column made of structural steel shapes or pipes surrounded by or filled

by concrete with or without longitudinal reinforcement.

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One Way Slab Design Spreadsheets to Eurocode 2

One Way Slab Design Spreadsheets to Eurocode 2 

Slab consists of two types which are one way slab and two way slabs.
One way slab has two types namely simply supported slab and one way
continuous slab. While two way slabs also consist of two types namely simply
supported two way slab and constrained slab. Slab types can be decided
through side ratio calculation through BS8 110 reference such as:

• Ly / Lx <2.0 (two way)
• Ly / Lx > 2.0 (one-way)

with Ly was longer side and Lx was shorter side.

 A slab is called one-way if the main reinforcement designs within one
direction only. This situation happens if slab is supported only on two sides
only. If slab were supported at all four sides, slab will become one way if
long span ratio (Ly) to short span (Lx) is exceeding 2. Because of slab string
one-way then reinforcement in span direction is main reinforcement, while
reinforcement in direction perpendicular by span known as second
reinforcement which functions as binding main reinforcement and help stress
distribution because of temperature changes and concrete shrinkage.

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Building Materials, Third Edition

Building Materials, Third Edition

S. K. Duggal

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The book is considerably modified version of the 2000 edition. In third edition of the book
extensive revisions have been made. New materials have been introduced due to the advances
in the technology and progress in industry. The information presented includes characteristics
of the materials in regards to their physical and mechanical properties with emphasis on their
strength and durability qualities. The material presented can be supplemented by the information
from I.S. Codes and various product manufacturers.
This edition embodies material changes in the chapters dealing with Cement, Concrete,
Lime and many others. Testing procedures of the materials have been updated for most of the
materials as some of the codes have been revised. Especially, in chapter 3 on Rocks and Stones
the section on testing of Stones has been completely rewritten.
Chapter 8 on Lime has been completely rewritten to make it more reader friendly. Logical
changes in chapter 5 on Cement, chapter 10 on Concrete and chapter 20 on Special Cements
and Cement Concretes have been made. Admixtures for concrete have been placed in chapter
10 and section on Pointing has been removed from chapter 12 on Building Mortars. Many
newer and upcoming more important concretes such as Self compacting Concrete, Bacterial
Concrete have been introduced in chapter 20 on special Cements and Cement Concrete.
Numerous revision of data and substitutions in description have been made not only in these
chapters but in other chapters also. Smart materials and composite materials have been
introduced in chapter 21 on Miscellaneous Materials.
The author will be grateful to the readers for their comments and suggestions for further
improvement of the book.

Building materials have an important role to play in this modern age of technology. Although
their most important use is in construction activities, no field of engineering is conceivable
without their use. Also, the building materials industry is an important contributor in our
national economy as its output governs both the rate and the quality of construction work.
There are certain general factors which affect the choice of materials for a particular scheme.
Perhaps the most important of these is the climatic background. Obviously, different materials
and forms of construction have developed in different parts of the world as a result of climatic
differences. Another factor is the economic aspect of the choice of materials. The rapid advance
of constructional methods, the increasing introduction of mechanical tools and plants, and
changes in the organisation of the building industry may appreciably influence the choice of
materials.

Building Materials, Third Edition

Content :

• Principal Properties of Building Materials
• Structural Clay Products
• Rocks and Stones
• Wood and Wood Products
• Materials for Making Concrete-I Cement
• Materials for Making Concrete-II Aggregates
• Materials for Making Concrete-III Water
• Materials for Making Concrete-IV Lime
• Puzzolanas
• Concrete
• Concrete Mix Design
• Building Mortars
• Ferrous Metals
• Non-Ferrous Metals
• Ceramic Materials
• Polymeric Materials
• Paints, Enamels and Varnishes
• Tar, Bitumen and Asphalt
• Special Cements and Cement Concretes

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Parking Structures: Recommended Practice for Design and Construction

Parking Structures: Recommended Practice for Design and Construction

Parking structures have become important elements in today’s urban and suburban
environments. Owners have realized that parking services represent the first and last
impression a visitor receives of the facility, and that can be a pivotal factor when con-
sumers decide where to do business. Even more, owners and designers both are
acknowledging that parking structures must be designed specifically for the types of
visitors that structure will serve, based on the facilities they support and the flow of
daily traffic.
The need to create a parking structure that precisely fits the needs of the users can-
not be stressed enough. Unless the facility is user-friendly, projecting a safe, secure,

and easy to use environment, parkers will find other options. These needs have

become too vital to their peace of mind to be left unmet by the owner and designer.
As a result, creating the best parking structure for the site, users, and budget requires
a careful balance of all elements and a logical plan from start to finish. From the ini-
tial conception basics are decided until the parking structure opens, a host of choic-
es must be made that will affect the final design and cost of the project—which ulti-

mately will impact its value to the customer.

“High-performance concrete” has been part of the day-to-day operation in the pro-
duction of precast prestressed concrete since the first elements were cast. High

cement content and low water/cement ratios result in high early-strength and high
ultimate-strength concrete with low permeability thereby providing resistance to
chloride ion penetration.

The dramatic and overpowering effect of the water/cement ratio on the chloride per-
meability of concrete (see 1.1) requires that the potential advantages of “high perfor-
mance” concrete, such as low water/cement-ratio, heat-cured concretes or those con-
taining admixtures such as silica fume, be examined for comparison using realistic

water/cement values for project applications.
One such comparison would be of a conventional cast-in-place concrete parking

structure for which no specialty contractors or materials would be required. The con-
crete used in this hypothetical structure would be 0.46 w/c burlap-cured or 0.46 w/c

burlap-cured concrete with 5.0 or 7.5 percent silica fume. A 0.37 w/c heat-cured con-
crete would be used in the precast prestressed deck, which has been shown by recent

studies to be superior to the conventional system.
Today’s precast prestressed parking structures supply the standard of excellence
against which other parking structures are measured. A major contributor to that

excellence is the inherent ability of the structure to “breathe” due to the use of con-
nections between components. This design technique, used in all precast construc-
tion, allows the parking structure to relieve pressure from the ordinary expansion and


contraction that otherwise would cause cracking in the structural members.

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Design Laterally Loaded Elastic Piles Spreadsheet

Design Laterally Loaded Elastic Piles Spreadsheet

Understanding and mastering the seismic analysis and design of deep foundations is a challenging yet essential element of the advanced education of students in the field of civil engineering. Our past experience in the academic context of helping students achieve the desired outcomes had been a frustrating endeavor, given the time and effort invested. It is in part in response the need to provide a leaner and more efficient learning and teaching approach that the work described in this paper evolved. In essence, the transfer of lateral loads from deep foundations to the subsurface strata is a complex soil-structure interaction problem. The movements and flexural stresses in the pile depend on the soil resistance, while the soil resistance is a function of the deformations of the pile itself. Furthermore, the ultimate resistance of a vertical pile to a lateral load and the deflection of the pile as the load builds up to its ultimate value are complex and involve the interaction between a semi-rigid structural element and soils which deforms partly elastically and partly plastically. Given the typically limited time and resources allocated to this topic in a three credit course, as other equally relevant applications are to be covered, imparting sufficient and fundamental understanding of this applied problem constitutes a real challenge that the spreadsheet approach presented herein attempted to meet.

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