Fundamentals of machining processes: conventional and nonconventional processes

Fundamentals of machining processes: conventional and nonconventional processes

Hassan Abdel-Gawad El-Hof y

Preference :

Machining processes produce finished parts, ready for use or assembly, at high degree of accuracy and surface quality by removing a certain machining allowance from the workpiece material. The removal of material can be achieved by cutting, abrasion, and erosion. Nonconventional machining
by erosion of the workpiece material regardless of their mechanical properties has emerged to tackle problems associated with cutting or abrasion processes. Some machining processes are combined together for achieving higher machining rates, greater product accuracy, and the best possible surface
characteristics. Many aspects in the field of machining have been covered in detail in the literature, but this book provides a comprehensive coverage of the field in a single book.
I am glad to present this new, revised edition, which has benefited from the suggestions and comments received from readers and professors of various universities. This new edition covers the fundamentals of machining by cutting, abrasion, erosion, and combined processes. It has been expanded and improved and consists of two new chapters that deal with the concept of machinability and the roadmap to selecting a machining process that meets the required design specification.
This new edition is a fundamental textbook for undergraduate students enrolled in production, materials, industrial, mechatronics, marine, and mechanical engineering programs. Additionally, students from other disciplines may find this book helpful with courses in the area of manufacturing
engineering. It will also be useful for students enrolled in graduate programs related to higher-level machining topics. Professional engineers and technicians working in the field of production technology will find value here as well. The treatment of the different subjects has been developed from basic principles, and knowledge of advanced mathematics is not a prerequisite. Along with fundamental theoretical analysis, this book contains machining data, solved examples, and review questions that are useful for students and manufacturing engineers. A solutions manual is supplied with the book to help those adopting the book.

Fundamentals of machining processes: conventional and nonconventional processes

Content :

• Machining Processes
• Cutting Tools
• Mechanics of Orthogonal Cutting
• Tool Wear, Tool Life, and Economics of Metal Cutting
• Cutting Cylindrical Surfaces
• Cutting Flat Surfaces
• High-Speed Machining
• Machining by Abrasion
• Abrasive Finishing Processes
• Modern Abrasive Processes
• Machining by Electrochemical Erosion
• Machining by Thermal Erosion
• Combined Machining Processes
• Micromachining
• Machinability
• Machining Process Selection

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Steel Connection Design Spreadsheet

Steel Connection Design Spreadsheet

Steel Connection is divided into two common methods: bolting and welding.
Bolting is the preferred method of Steel connecting members on the site. Staggered bolt layout allows easier access for tightening with a pneumatic wrench when a connection is all bolted.  High strength bolts may be snug-tightened or slip-critical. Snug-tightened connections are referred to as bearing connections Bolts in a slip-critical connection act like clamps holding the plies of the material together.Bearing type connections may have threads included ( Type N ) or excluded ( Type X ) from the shear plane(s).  Including the threads in the shear plane reduces the strength of the connection by approximately 25%.  Loading along the length of the bolt puts the bolt in axial tension. If tension failure occurs, it usually takes place in the threaded section.Three types of high strength bolts A325, A490 (Hexagonal Head Bolts), and F1852 (Button Head Bolt). A325 may be galvanized A490 bolts must not be galvanized F1852 bolts are mechanically galvanized. High strength bolts are most commonly available in 5/8” – 1 ½” diameters. Bolting requires punching or drilling of holes. Holes may be standard size holes, oversize holes, short slotted holes, long slotted holes

 Due to high costs of labor, extensive field -welding is the most expensive component in a steel frame. Welding should be performed on bare metal. Shop welding is preferred over field welding. The weld material should have a higher strength than the pieces being connected.Single-pass welds are more economical than multi-pass welds. The most economical size weld that may be horizontally deposited in one pass has 5/16”. Fillet welds and groove welds make up the majority of all structural welds. The strength of a fillet weld is directly proportional to the weld’s throat dimension. The capacity of a weld depends on the weld’s throat dimension and its length.

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Machinery Vibration and Rotordynamics

Machinery Vibration and Rotordynamics

John M. Vance, Fouad Y. Zeidan, Brian Murphy

Preference :

This book follows the first author’s book Rotordynamics of Turbomachinery in its practical approach and style. Much of the material in that book has been updated and extended with new information, new examples, and a few corrections that reflect what has been learned since then. Of particular interest and significance are the new chapters (4, 5, and 6) on bearings, seals, and computer modeling contributed by the co-authors Dr. Fouad Zeidan and Dr. Brian Murphy. Dr. Zeidan is the president of
two companies that design and manufacture high-performance bearings and seals. These products often require the design and modeling of the complete rotor-bearing system to ensure reliable operation and compatibility. Dr. Murphy is the author of XLRotorTM, one of the most widely used
computer programs for rotordynamic analysis. Chapters 1 and 7 are also completely new. Chapter 1 describes the classical analytical techniques used by engineers for troubleshooting vibration problems. Chapter 7 gives a history of the most important rotordynamics analysis and experiments
since 1869. The authors have noted (with some surprise) for many years that the subject material of this book is not taught in most engineering colleges, even though rotating machines are probably the most common application of mechanical engineering. The book is organized so that the first three
or four chapters could be used as a text for a senior or graduate college elective course. These chapters have exercises at the end that can be assigned to the students, which will greatly enhance their understanding of the chapter material. The later chapters will serve the same students well
after graduation as reference source material with examples of analysis and test results for real machines, bearings, and seals. But for the majority of engineers assigned to troubleshoot a rotating machine, or to design it for reliability, and having no relevant technical background, this entire
book can be the substitute for the course they never had. It is the author’s hope that this book will make a significant contribution to the improvement of rotating machines for the service of mankind in the years to come.

Machinery Vibration and Rotordynamics

Content :

• Fundamentals of Machine Vibration and Classical Solutions
• Torsional Vibration
• Introduction to Rotordynamics Analysis
• Computer Simulations of Rotordynamics
• Bearings and Their Effect on Rotordynamics
• Fluid Seals and Their Effect on Rotordynamics
• History of Machinery Rotordynamics

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Machine Elements in Mechanical Design

MACHINE ELEMENTS IN MECHANICAL DESIGN

Robert L. Mott

Preference :

The objective of this book is to provide the concepts, procedures, data, and decision analy-
sis techniques necessary to design machine elements commonly found in mechanical de-
vices and systems. Students completing a course of study using this book should be able to

execute original designs for machine elements and integrate the elements into a system
composed of several elements.

This process requires a consideration of the performance requirements of an individ-
ual element and ofthe interfaces between elements as they work together to form a system.

For example, a gear must be designed to transmit power at a given .speed. The design must
specify the number of teeth, pitch, tooth form, face width, pitch diameter, material, and
method of heat treatment. But the gear design also affects, and is affected by, the mating
gear, the shaft carrying the gear, and the environment in which it is to operate. Furthermore,
the shaft must be supported by bearings, which must be contained in a housing. Thus, the

designer should keep the complete system in mind while designing each individual ele-
ment. This book will help the student approach design problems in this way.

This text is designed for those interested in practical mechanical design. The empha-
sis is on the use of readily available materials and processes and appropriate design ap-
proaches to achieve a safe, efficient design. It is assumed that the person using the book will

be the designer, that is, the person responsible for determining the configuration of a ma-
chine or a part of a machine. Where practical, all design equations, data, and procedures

needed to make design decisions are specified.
It is expected that students using this book will have a good background in statics,
strength of materials, college algebra, and trigonometry. Helpful, but not required, would

be knowledge of kinematics, industrial mechanisms, dynamics, materials, and manufactur-
ing processes.

Machine Elements in Mechanical Design

Among the important features of this book are the following:

• It is designed to be used at the undergraduate level in the first course in machine design.
• The large list of topics allows the instructor some choice in the design of the course. The format is also appropriate for a two-course sequence and as a reference for mechanical design project courses.
• Students should be able to extend their efforts into topics not covered in classroom instruction because explanations of principles are straightforward and include many example problems.
• The practical presentation of the material leads to feasible design decisions and is useful to practicing designers.
• The text advocates and demonstrates use of computer spreadsheets in cases requiring long, laborious solution procedures. Using spreadsheets allows the designer to make decisions and to modify data at several points within the problem while the computer performs all computations. 
• References to other books, standards, and technical papers assist the instructor in presenting alternate approaches or extending the depth of treatment. 
•  Lists of Internet sites pertinent to topics in this book are included at the end of most chapters to assist readers in accessing additional information or data about commercial products.
• In addition to the emphasis on the original design of machine elements, much of the discussion covers commercially available machine elements and devices, since many design projects require an optimum combination of new, uniquely designed parts and purchased components.
• For some topics, the focus is on aiding the designer in selecting commercially available components, such as rolling contact bearings, flexible couplings, ball screws, electric motors, belt drives, chain drives, clutches, and brakes.
• Computations and problem solutions use both the International System of Units (SI) and the U.S. Customary System (inch-pound-second) approximately equally.
• The basic reference for the usage of SI units is IEEE/ASTM-SI-10 Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System, which has replaced ASTM E380 and ANSI/IEEE Standard 268-1992.
• Extensive appendices are included along with detailed tables in many chapters to help the reader to make real design decisions, using only this text.

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Staircase Analysis and Design Spreadsheet

Staircase Analysis and Design Spreadsheet

Staircases provide means of movement from one floor to another in a structure. Staircases
consist of a number of steps with landings at suitable intervals to provide comfort and safety
for the users.

Types of Stairs
For purpose of design, stairs are classified into two types; transversely, and longitudinally
supported.
a- Transversely supported (transverse to the direction of movement):
Transversely supported stairs include:
§ Simply supported steps supported by two walls or beams or a combination of both.
§ Steps cantilevering from a wall or a beam.
§ Stairs cantilevering from a central spine beam.
b- Longitudinally supported (in the direction of movement):
These stairs span between supports at the top and bottom of a flight and unsupported at the
sides. Longitudinally supported stairs may be supported in any of the following manners:
a. Beams or walls at the outside edges of the landings.
b. Internal beams at the ends of the flight in addition to beams or walls at the outside edges of
the landings.
c. Landings which are supported by beams or walls running in the longitudinal direction.
d. A combination of (a) or (b), and (c).

e. Stairs with quarter landings associated with open-well stairs.

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CNC Control Setup for Milling and Turning Mastering CNC Control Systems

CNC Control Setup for Milling and Turning Mastering CNC Control Systems

Smid Book

Preference :

Making a certain part (also called a workpiece) doesn't normally start at the CNC machine - it starts much earlier, at the design engineer’s desk. Engineering design means developing an intended part that is economical to make, of high quality, as well as a part that does what it is supposed to do - simply, to design a part that works. This process takes place in various offices and laboratories, research centers, and other places, including engineer’s imagination. Manufacturing process -
CNC process included - is always a cooperative effort. Modern part design requires professionals from different disciplines, aided by a powerful computer installed with suitable design software, for example, SolidWorks®, Autodesk Inventor®, and many others, as well the venerable AutoCad® - one of the oldest and still very popular of the design group of application software. In
simplified terms, engineering design starts with an idea and ends with the development of a drawing - or a series of drawings - that can be used in manufacturing at various stages.

For the CNC programmer as well as the CNC operator, this engineering drawing is the first source, and often the only source, of information about what the final part is to be. Typically, CNC programmer follows a certain process - or workflow - that can be summarized into a
several critical points or steps:

• Evaluate drawing
• Identify material of the part
• Determine part holding method
• Select suitable tools
• Decide on cutting conditions
• Write the program
• Verify the program
• Complete documentation
• Send program to machine shop

Keep in mind that this is not always the step-by-step method as it may appear to be. Often, a decision made in one step influences a decision made in another step, which often leads to revisiting earlier stages of the process and making necessary changes.

CNC Control Setup for Milling and Turning Mastering CNC Control Systems

Content :

• CONCEPTS OF CNC MACHINING
• CNC MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS.
• PROGRAM INTERPRETATION
• CONTROL SYSTEM
• OPERATION PANEL
• SETUP HANDLE.
• MILLING TOOLS - SETUP
• SETTING PART ZERO
• WORK OFFSET SETTINGS.
• TOOL LENGTH OFFSET.
• MACHINING A PART
• MACHINING HOLES
• OFFSET CHANGE BY PROGRAM.
• SYSTEM PARAMETERS.
• PROGRAM OPTIMIZATION

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Mechanics of Materials Sixth Edition

Mechanics of Materials Sixth Edition 

The main objective of a basic mechanics course should be to develop
in the engineering student the ability to analyze a given problem in

a simple and logical manner and to apply to its solution a few fun-
damental and well-understood principles. This text is designed for

the first course in mechanics of materials—or strength of materials—
offered to engineering students in the sophomore or junior year. The
authors hope that it will help instructors achieve this goal in that
particular course in the same way that their other texts may have
helped them in statics and dynamics.
is expected that students using this text will have completed a
course in statics. However, Chap. 1 is designed to provide them with
an opportunity to review the concepts learned in that course, while
shear and bending-moment diagrams are covered in detail in Secs.
5.2 and 5.3. The properties of moments and centroids of areas are
described in Appendix A; this material can be used to reinforce the
discussion of the determination of normal and shearing stresses in beams

Content :
Introduction—Concept of Stress
Stress and Strain—Axial Loading
Torsion
Pure Bending
Analysis and Design of Beams for Bending
Shearing Stresses in Beams and Thin-Walled Members
Transformations of Stress and Strain
Principal Stresses under a Given Loading
Deflection of Beams
Columns
Energy Methods

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Modeling and Analysis with Induction Generators

Modeling and Analysis with Induction Generators

Felix A. Farret, M. Godoy Simões

Preference :

During the fall of 2003, the authors decided to bring together their interests and start working on what would be the first edition of this book, published in 2004. The reasoning was that although so many books have been written on induction machines, drives, and motors in general, none existed at that time that would cover specifically how to understand, model, analyze, and simulate induction generators, particularly in the applications of renewable or alternative energy systems.
In the second edition, we shortened a few sections and added new ones, trying to make clear some concepts. We have also provided better coverage of doubly fed induction generators and applications of induction generators. Over the years, we noticed how important induction generators became both for stand-alone and gridconnected applications. The number of installations of small- and medium-sized wind energy power plants based on this very easy, cost-effective, and reliable generating machine is remarkable, to the point of making us even more enthusiastic about this subject.

Now, more than a decade after we first started this project, we are very proud to present this third edition, with a new title that focuses on our objectives, that is, to present the fundamentals and advances in modeling and analysis of induction generators. Topics like understanding the process of self-excitation, numerical analysis of stand-alone and multiple induction generators, requirements for optimized laboratory experimentation, application of modern vector control, optimization of power
transference, use of doubly fed induction generators, computer-based simulations, and social and economic impacts are presented in order to take the academic realm of the subject to the desks of practicing engineers and undergraduate and graduate students. Our intention in this new edition of the book has been to move from a research-oriented approach toward a more educational approach. Therefore, we have provided several solved problems and further suggested problems at the end of each chapter. We would really love to receive feedback regarding how instructors are using and adapting this textbook in their courses. Part of our intent is to give ideas and suggest directions for further development in this field; the reader is also referred to other sources for details regarding development. As teachers and researchers, we realize the importance of feedback and appreciate any comments and suggestions for improvements that might add value to the material we have presented.

Modeling and Analysis with Induction Generators

Content :

• Principles of Alternative Sources of Energy and Electric Generation
• Steady-State Model of Induction Generators
• Transient Model of Induction Generators
• Self-Excited Induction Generators
• General Characteristics of Induction Generators
• Construction Features of Induction Generators
• Power Electronics for Interfacing Induction Generators
• Scalar Control for Induction Generators
• Optimized Control for Induction Generators
• Doubly Fed Induction Generators
• Simulation Tools for Induction Generators
• Applications of Induction Generators in Alternative Sources of Energy
• Economics of Induction Generator–Based Renewable Systems

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Troubleshooting and Repair of Diesel Engines, Fourth Edition

Troubleshooting and Repair of Diesel Engines, Fourth Edition

 Paul Dempsey

Preference :

There are several areas that have changed drastically during the last few years with
diesel engines and will greatly affect the near future of diesel engine technologies. The
highway trucking industry was the first to require these changes to meet federal EPA
emissions guidelines for diesel engines back in the late 1980s. In the mid-1990s these
same guidelines were required of the off-highway heavy equipment industry. Now
even areas not affected in the past such as the marine, petroleum, and agricultural
industries have come under these new requirements. They will change these indus-
tries in the same way they have previously changed the trucking and heavy equipment
industries. During the last 20 years only certain engine horsepower sizes or industries
have come under these federal guidelines. However, the 2007, 2010, and 2012 emis-
sions guidelines will cover and affect all horsepower sizes and industries. Additionally,
in most areas the current technologies to meet the 2007 guidelines will not completely
meet the 2010 and 2012 requirements without additional technological changes or
improvements.

These technological changes are inevitable and future technician training needs
will be a reality. This is where diesel engine course books like Troubleshooting and
Repairing Diesel Engines can help the technician stay current with these changing
technologies. To show how rapidly these changes have taken place, information of
some past and current examples of those areas affected are mentioned.
Since the inception of the EPA guidelines for diesel engines back in the 1980s, most
major engine manufacturers have meant the following reductions. Engine particulates
have been reduced by 90% and nitrous oxides by nearly 70%. Added to the equation
in the 1990s was noise pollution, with reductions required in engine noise levels from
83 to 80 decibels. Although this doesn’t seem like much, it is equal to a 50% noise
energy reduction. Add to that the effects of the reduction in fuel sulfur in diesel fuels

from 5% to 0.5% to 0.05% (in ppm, 5000 to 500 to 50). Sulfur being the lubricating ele-
ment in diesel fuels has required many changes to fuel system components.

Troubleshooting and Repair of Diesel Engines, Fourth Edition

Content :

• Rudolf Diesel
• Diesel basics
• Engine installation
• Basic troubleshooting
• Mechanical fuel systems
• Electronic management systems
• Cylinder heads and valves
• Engine mechanics
• Air systems
• Electrical fundamentals
• Starting and generating systems
• Cooling systems
• Greener diesels

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Beam Analysis Spreadsheet

Beam Analysis Spreadsheet

The "BeamAnal" calculates Shear Force, Bending Moment and Deflection at 31 positions along the member length. Member Lengths can be a single span simply supported or a 2, 3 or 4 span continuous over middle supports. The analysis results are produced in a tabular form and are also plotted in 3 graphs for rapid comprehension.
The program uses usual equations for Shear Force, Bending Moment and Deflection equations along the member span. When middle supports are specified, simultaneous equations are set up and solved to calculate the middle support reactions.

The program internally works in consistent Force and Length Units. To help comprehend results, use of mixed units is allowed. Inertia and elastic modulus of the member section can therefore be defined in any units. Similarly, any desired units can be set deflection values. To specify units, go to the Units sheet and describe your own units of Force, Distance, Inertia, Modulus and Deflection. You need to calculate and specify conversion factors from consistent units to your chosen mixed units. Sample values are given for your guidance in this sheet. The units cannot however be mixed in one project file. Chosen units apply to all beams in the file. This means that if units are changed in the middle of building up a data file, beam properties for all beams need to be re-defined to match the chosen units.

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Design and Simulation of Four-Stroke Engines

Design and Simulation of Four-Stroke Engines

 Gordon P. Blair

Preference :

It is generally accepted that the theoretical cycle on which the four-stroke engine is based
was proposed by Beau de Rochas in 1876. The fist practical demonstration ofthe engine was
implemented by Otto in 1876. This book is not about the history of the internal-combustion
engine, but realizing that some ofyou may wish to study it, it is recommended that you peruse
the informed writings of Cummins, Obert, Taylor, Caunter, or Ricardo [1.1-1.5]. The book by
Cummins [1.1] is quite an authoritative text in this historical context.
This book is also not about the detailed design of the mechanical components of an
engine, such as crankshafts or connecting rods. For that, one reads elsewhere in the literature.
Nor is it a comprehensive collection ofdesign ideas for the cylinder head, valving, or ducting
geometries of every configuration of four-stroke engine constructed in times past.

This book is about the design of the four-stroke engine so as to achieve its target perfor-
mance characteristics for the application required, irrespective of whether that application is

intended for Formula 1 car racing or a lawnmower. To do that, one must thoroughly under-
stand the filling and emptying of the engine cylinders with air and exhaust gas and the

combustion of the trapped charge within them. Hence, this book is about the unsteady gas

dynamics and thermodynamics associated with the four-stroke engine. Nevertheless, to sensi-
bly design for the performance characteristics, one must bring the real geometry ofthe engine,

its cylinder head, combustion chamber, mifolding, and ducting into the gas dynamic and
thermodynamic design process, otherwise the outcome is meaningless, not to mention useless.
Therefore, very frequently, the real geometry and the measured test data from actual engines
will be produced to illustrate a design point being made. To conduct such a design process, the
only pragmatic approach is to simulate the unsteady gas dynamics and thermodynamics within
the entire engine, basing the simulation on the physical geometry of that engine in the finest
detail, from the aperture where air enters the engine initially to the aperture where the exhaust
gas finally exits from the engine.

Design and Simulation of Four-Stroke Engines

Content :

• Introduction to the Four-Stroke Engine
• The Fundamental Method of Operation of a Simple Four-Stroke Engine
• The Cylinder Head Geometry ofTypical Spark-Ignition Engines
• The Cylinder Head Geometry of Typical Compression-Ignition Engines
• The Fundamental Geometry of the Cylinder Head
• Gas Flow through Four-Stroke Engines
• Discharge Coefficients of Flow within Four-Stroke Engines
• Combustion in Four-Stroke Engines
• Computer Modeling of Four-Stroke Engines
• Empirical Assistance for the Designer of Four-Stroke Engines
• Reduction ofNoise Emission from Four-Stroke Engines

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HANDBOOK OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS

HANDBOOK OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS

This handbook presents a comprehensive collection of civil engineering calculation procedures useful to
practicing civil engineers, surveyors, structural designers, drafters, candidates for professional engineering
licenses, and students. Engineers in other disciplines—mechanical, electrical, chemical, environmental,
etc.—will also find this handbook useful for making occasional calculations outside their normal field of
specialty.
Each calculation procedure presented in this handbook gives numbered steps for performing the calculation,
along with a numerical example illustrating the important concepts in the procedure. Many procedures include
“Related Calculations” comments, which expand the application of the computation method presented. All
calculation procedures in this handbook use both the USCS (United States Customary System) and the SI
(System International) for numerical units. Hence, the calculation procedures presented are useful to engineers
throughout the world.
Major calculation procedures presented in this handbook include stress and strain, flexural analysis,
deflection of beams, statically indeterminate structures, steel beams and columns, riveted and welded
connections, composite members, plate girders, load and resistance factor design method (LRFD) for
structural steel design, plastic design of steel structures, reinforced and prestressed concrete engineering and
design, surveying, route design, highway bridges, timber engineering, soil mechanics, fluid mechanics, pumps,
piping, water supply and water treatment, wastewater treatment and disposal, hydro power, and engineering
economics.
Each section of this handbook is designed to furnish comprehensive coverage of the topics in it. Where
there are major subtopics within a section, the section is divided into parts to permit in-depth coverage of each
subtopic.
Civil engineers design buildings, bridges, highways, airports, water supply, sewage treatment, and a variety
of other key structures and facilities throughout the world. Because of the importance of such structures and
facilities to the civilized world, civil engineers have long needed a handbook that would simplify and speed
their daily design calculations. This handbook provides an answer to that need.

HANDBOOK OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS

Content :
Section 1. Structural Steel Engineering and Design 
Section 2. Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Engineering and Design
Section 3. Timber Engineering
Section 4. Soil Mechanics
Section 5. Surveying, Route Design, and Highway Bridges
Section 6. Fluid Mechanics, Pumps, Piping, and Hydro Power
Section 7. Water-Supply and Storm-Water System Design
Section 8. Sanitary Wastewater Treatment and Control

Section 9. Engineering Economics

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Design of Bridge Slab Spreadsheet

Design of Bridge Slab Spreadsheet

Reinforced Slab Bridges used For short spans, a solid reinforced concrete slab, generally cast in-situ rather than precast, is the simplest design to about 25m span, such voided slabs are more economical than prestressed slabs. Slab bridges are defined as structures where the deck slab also serves as the main load-carrying component. The span-to-width ratios are such that these bridges may be designed for simple 1-way bending as opposed to 2-way plate bending. This design guide provides a basic procedural outline for the design of slab bridges using the LRFD Code and also includes a worked example.
The LRFD design process for slab bridges is similar to the LFD design process. Both codes require the main reinforcement to be designed for Strength, Fatigue, Control of Cracking, and Limits of Reinforcement. All reinforcement shall be fully developed at the point of necessity. The minimum slab depth guidelines specified in Table 2.5.2.6.3-1 need not be followed if the reinforcement meets these requirements.
For design, the Approximate Elastic or “Strip” Method for slab bridges found in Article 4.6.2.3 shall be used.
According to Article 9.7.1.4, edges of slabs shall either be strengthened or be supported by an edge beam which is integral with the slab. As depicted in Figure 3.2.11-1 of the Bridge Manual, the #5 d1 bars which extend from the 34 in. F-Shape barrier into the slab qualify as shear reinforcement (strengthening) for the outside edges of slabs. When a 34 in. or 42 in. F-Shape barrier (with similar d1 bars) is used on a slab bridge, its structural adequacy as an edge beam should typically only need to be verified. The barrier should not be considered structural. Edge beam design is required for bridges with open joints and possibly at stage construction lines. If the out-to-out width of a slab bridge exceeds 45 ft., an open longitudinal joint is required.

Design of Bridge Slab Spreadsheet

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Introduction to Thermal and Fluid Engineering

Introduction to Thermal and Fluid Engineering

 Aziz, Abdul; Kraus, Allan D.; Welty, James R

Preference :

This text treats the disciplines of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer, in that

order, as comprising what are generally referred to as the thermal/fluid sciences. The study

of these separate and independent disciplines has been a standard part of the mechanical

and chemical engineering curricula for decades. Other engineering majors have commonly

taken one or more of these subjects but, generally, not all three.

The first component, classical thermodynamics, involves the interaction of work, heat,

and the change in the energy level of a system as it undergoes a change between equilibrium

states. The laws of thermodynamics form a framework by which these state changes are

evaluated and related to measurable properties, most notably temperature. Knowledge of

the thermodynamic limits of processes is essential to the evaluation of energetic systems

and all engineers need such knowledge upon occasion.

The second component, fluid mechanics, treats the change of mass, energy, and momen-

tum associated with the movement of fluids. Mass flow into and out of an open system is

an important part of the overall energy balance for the system. Large, multicomponent sys-

tems such as municipal water supplies, petroleum refineries, and manufacturing facilities

involve numerous pipes, ducts, and other passageways through which fluids are trans-

ported and fluid flow analyses are important for describing the rates at which energetic

processes take place.

The third component of the thermal/fluid sciences is heat transfer. Heat transfer, as one

knows from a study of introductory physics is accomplished by conduction, convection, and

radiation. Each of these modes enables one to evaluate the rate at which heat is transported

between sites that are at different temperatures. Convection heat transfer is intimately

involved with fluid motion and is, therefore, directly coupled to a knowledge of fluid

mechanics.

As mentioned, thermodynamic analysis will determine the limiting equilibrium states

that a process may experience. The project design of an energetic process requires, in addi-

tion to a listing of the appropriate thermodynamic limits, knowledge of the rates at which

the process progresses from its initial to its final states. For example, in the case of a heat

exchanger, the cross-sectional area of the unit is evaluated by the rate of mass throughput

as determined by using fluid mechanics while the length of the unit is determined from the

rate of heat transfer.

Introduction to Thermal and Fluid Engineering

Content :

• The Thermal/Fluid Sciences: Introductory Concepts
• Thermodynamics: Preliminary Concepts and Definitions
• Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics
• Properties of Pure, Simple Compressible Substances
• Control Volume Mass and Energy Analysis
• The Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Entropy
• Gas Power Systems
• Vapor Power and Refrigeration Cycles
• Mixtures of Gases, Vapors, and Combustion Products
• Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
• Fluid Statics
• Control Volume Analysis—Mass and Energy Conservation
• Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• Dimensional Analysis and Similarity
• Viscous Flow
• Flow in Pipes and Pipe Networks
• Fluid Machinery
• Steady-State Conduction
• Unsteady-State Conduction
• Forced Convection—Internal Flow

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Mechanical Engineering Systems

Mechanical Engineering Systems

 Bill Bolton, Peter Edwards, Richard Gentle

Preference :

The engineering design process, which is what most engineering is all about, can be very convoluted. While it relies heavily on calculation, there is often a need to make educated guesses to start the
calculations. To crack problems like the one above of the new mower you will need to combine technical knowledge with practical experience, a flair for creativity and the confidence to make those educated guesses. The engineering courses that this textbook supports must, therefore, be seen as only the start of a much longer-term learning process that will continue throughout your professional career. A good engineer needs to think of all the subjects that are studied on an undergraduate course in modular chunks as being part of a single body of technical knowledge that will form the foundation on which a career can be built. At the introductory level of this book, it is best
to keep the distinction between the various topics otherwise it can become confusing to the student; it is difficult enough coming to terms with some of the concepts and equations in each topic without
trying to master them all at the same time. The lawnmower example, however, shows that you must be able to understand and integrate all the topics, even though you may not have to become an
expert in all of them if you want to be a proficient engineer.

At last you are starting to get somewhere because the first point will allow you to calculate the size of fan that is required and the power that is needed to drive it. The second point will allow you to calculate the rate at which waste heat from the engine must be supplied to the wet grass. Knowing the waste power and the typical efficiency of this type of engine you can then calculate the overall power that is needed if the engine is to meet this specification to dry the grass cuttings as they are produced.
Once you have the overall power of the engine and the portion of that power that it will take to drive the fan you can calculate the power that is available for the mowing process and for driving the mower’s wheels.These two facts will allow you to use your knowledge of dynamics to
estimate the performance of the mower as a vehicle: the acceleration with and without the blades cutting, the maximum speed up an incline and the maximum driving speed.

Mechanical Engineering Systems

Content :

• Introduction: the basis of engineering
• Thermodynamics
• Fluid mechanics
• Dynamics
• Statics
• Solutions to problems

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Plasticity Mathematical Theory and Numerical Analysis

Plasticity Mathematical Theory and Numerical Analysis

The basis for the modern theory of elastoplasticity was laid in the nineteenth-
century, by Tresca, St. Venant, Levy  ́ , and Bauschinger. Further
major advances followed in the early part of this century, the chief contributors during this period being Prandtl, von Mises, and Reuss. This early phase in the history of elastoplasticity was characterized by the introduction and development of the concepts of irreversible behavior, yield
criteria, hardening and perfect plasticity, and of rate or incremental con-
stitutive equations for the plastic strain.
Greater clarity in the mathematical framework for elastoplasticity theory
came with the contributions of Prager, Drucker, and Hill, during the
period just after the Second World War. Convexity of yield surfaces, and
all its ramifications was a central theme in this phase of the development
of the theory.
The mathematical community, meanwhile, witnessed a burst of progress
in the theory of partial differential equations and variational inequalities
from the early 1960s onwards. The timing of this set of developments was
particularly fortuitous for plasticity, given the fairly mature state of the
subject, and the realization that the natural framework for the study of
initial boundary value problems in elastoplasticity was that of variational
inequalities. This confluence of subjects emanating from mechanics and

mathematics resulted in yet further theoretical developments, the out-
standing examples being the articles by Moreau, and the monographs

by Duvaut and J.-L. Lions, and Temam.

The theory of elastoplastic media is now a mature branch of solid and
structural mechanics, having experienced significant development during
the latter half of this century. In particular, the classical theory, which
deals with small-strain elastoplasticity problems have a firm mathematical-
 basis, and from this basis further developments, both mathematical
and computational, have evolved. Small-strain elastoplasticity is well
understood, and the understanding of its governing equations can be said to
be almost complete. Likewise, theoretical, computational, and algorithmic
work on approximations in the spatial and time domains are at a stage at
which approximations of the desired accuracy can be achieved with confidence.
The finite-strain theory has evolved along parallel lines, although it is
considerably more complex and is subject to a number of alternative
 treatments. The form taken by the governing equations is reasonably settled,
though there is as yet no mathematical treatment of existence, uniqueness,
and stability analogous to those of the small-strain case. Computationally,
great strides have been made in the last two decades, and it is now possible
to solve highly complex problems with the aid of the computer.

This monograph focuses on theoretical aspects of the small-strain theory
of elastoplasticiy with hardening assumptions. It is intended to provide
a reasonably comprehensive and unified treatment of the mathematical
theory and numerical analysis, exploiting in particular the great advantages

to be gained by placing the theory in a convex-analytic context.

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