Concrete Construction Engineering Handbook
Portland cement concrete is a composite material made by combining cement, supplementary cementing
materials, aggregates, water, and chemical admixtures in suitable proportions and allowing the resulting
mixture to set and harden over time. Because hardened concrete is a relatively brittle material with a low
tensile strength,
strength, steel reinforcing bars and sometimes discontinuous fibers are used in structural concrete
to provide some tensile load-bearing capacity and to increase the toughness of the material. In this
chapter, we deal with some of the basic constituents: cements, aggregates, water, steel reinforcement, and
fiber reinforcement. Chemical admixtures and supplementary cementing materials (often referred to as
mineral admixtures) are covered in Chapter 2. It must be emphasized that choosing the appropriate
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